Exploring cross-modal interactions in unimodal and multimodal emotion recognition : an empirical study

Publication type
C1
Publication status
Published
Authors
Du, Q, De Langhe, L., Lefever, E., & Hoste, V.
Editor
Christopher Bagdon, Krishnapriya Vishnubhotla, Kristen A. Lindquist, Lyle Ungar, Roman Klinger and Saif M. Mohammad
Series
Proceedings of Computational Affective Science (CAS) @ LREC 2026
Pagination
105-115
Publisher
European Language Resources Association
Conference
1st Workshop on Computational Affective Science Co-located with LREC 2026 (Palma, Mallorca (Spain))
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Abstract

Understanding how cross-modal interactions influence unimodal and multimodal emotion recognition remains an open question in multimodal affective computing. This study presents a systematic empirical investigation of how multimodal inputs affect both unimodal and multimodal emotion recognition performance. Using the UniC dataset, which provides modality-specific and global multimodal annotations across text, audio, and visual modalities, we conduct experiments based on the Tensor Fusion Network (TFN) under unimodal, bi-modal, and tri-modal configurations. Results show that cross-modal interactions exert complex and asymmetric effects. While additional modalities can provide complementary emotional cues, they may also introduce interference when signals diverge. Models continue to struggle with less frequent or extreme emotions such as disgust. Notably, multimodal embeddings combined with unimodal annotations outperform fully multimodal supervision in the same setup, highlighting the role of annotation consistency and cue reliability. These findings provide a systematic empirical validation of the long-assumed notions, demonstrating that cross-modal effects are not simply additive and highlighting the need for more interpretable multimodal fusion strategies.